Endnotes

  1. Sarah Miles, Denise Pope, and Jennifer Sey, Kids Under Pressure: A Look at Student Well-Being and Engagement During the Pandemic (Stanford, CA: Challenge Success, 2021), https://challengesuccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/CS-NBC-Study-Kids-Under-Pressure-PUBLISHED.pdf.
  2. Challenge Success. (n.d.). School Well-Being, Belonging & Engagement Survey. Retrieved June 27, 2025, from https://challengesuccess.org/school-well-being-belonging-engagement-survey/.
  3. John Etchemendy, quoted in Student MH&WB Report, Microsoft Word document, September 24, 2008. https://stacks.standford.edu/file/druid:pb321zj7538/report.pdf
  4. Harry R. Lewis, quoted in William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 11.
  5. YouScience, “National Survey Finds That Most High School Graduates Do Not Feel Prepared for College and Career Decisions,” YouScience, November 2022, accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/youscience-national-survey-finds-that-most-high-school-graduates-do-not-feel-prepared-for-college-and-career-decisions-301686331.html.
  6. World Economic Forum, “The New Skills Triad for the Future of Work,” accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/skills-jobs-future-of-work.
  7. Hirebox, “HARVARD STUDY: The Crucial Role of Soft Skills in Hiring Success,” accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.hirebox.com/blog/harvard-study-the-crucial-role-of-soft-skills-in-hiring-success.
  8. America Succeeds, The High Demand for Durable Skills, accessed May 28, 2025, https://americasucceeds.org/durableskills.
  9. Chris McNutt, “A Brief History of Grades and Gradeless Learning,” Human Restoration Project, accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.humanrestorationproject.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-grades-and-gradeless-learning.
  10. “The History of the Multiple-Choice Question,” Veritas Journal, accessed May 28, 2025, https://veritasjournal.org/2020/11/02/multiple-choice.
  11. “Where Did the Test Come From? - The 1926 SAT,” Secrets of the SAT, Frontline, PBS, accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/etc/history.html.
  12. Educational Testing Service. "ETS and MTC Join Forces to Scale Skills Transcript." ETS Newsroom, May 15, 2024. https://www.ets.org/news/press-releases/ets-mastery-transcript-consortium-mtc-join-forces-scale-skills-transcript.html.
  13. Tim Knowles, interview by Frederick M. Hess, “Can Mastery-Based Learning Replace Seat Time?” Medium, May 31, 2024, https://rickhess99.medium.com/can-mastery-based-learning-replace-seat-time-921322704a3e.
  14. Educational Testing Service, Skills for the Future, accessed June 27, 2025, https://www.ets.org/skills-for-future.html.
  15. Educational Testing Service, Charting the Future of Assessment, accessed June 27, 2025, https://www.ets.org/research/charting-the-future-of-assessment.html.
  16. Paul Gollash, Senior Vice President of K–16, Educational Testing Service (ETS), “ETS and Mastery Transcript Consortium (MTC) Join Forces to Scale Skills Transcript,” ETS Newsroom, May 15, 2024, https://www.ets.org/news/press-releases/ets-mastery-transcript-consortium-mtc-join-forces-scale-skills-transcript.html.
  17. Amit Sevak, President & CEO, Educational Testing Service (ETS), “From Time Units to Skill Insight,” ETS and The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, accessed May 28, 2025, https://publish-p53802-e553105.adobeaemcloud.com/carnegie.html.
  18. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, “Foundation History,” accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/about-us/foundation-history/.
  19. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, "Future of Learning," accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/our-work/future-of-learning/.
  20. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, “The Problem Is the Carnegie Unit,” accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/our-work/future-of-learning/.
  21. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, “Our Work: Future of Learning,” accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/our-work/future-of-learning/.
  22. Tim Knowles, interview by Beth Hawkins, “74 Interview: Time ≠ Learning — Tim Knowles on Scrapping the Carnegie Unit,” The 74, August 2023, https://www.the74million.org/article/74-interview-time-%E2%89%A0-learning-tim-knowles-on-scrapping-the-carnegie-unit/
  23. Educational Testing Service (ETS), “About ETS,” accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.ets.org/about/.
  24. Amit Sevak, “Imagine every high school graduate in America has a skills transcript,” The 74, April 2023, https://www.the74million.org/article/74-interview-time-%E2%89%A0-learning-amit-sevak-on-skills-transcripts/.
  25. "Competency-Based Education: Definition and Examples." Liftlearning.com. Accessed February 11, 2025. https://www.liftlearning.com/competency-based-education-definition-examples.
  26. Andrew Calkins, co-director of Next Generation Learning Challenges (NGLC), quoted in “New Research: Despite Great Enthusiasm for Personalized Learning, Teachers Say Attempts to Innovate Are Often Stymied by School District Bureaucracy,” The 74, accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.the74million.org/article/new-research-despite-great-enthusiasm-for-personalized-learning-teachers-say-attempts-to-innovate-are-often-stymied-by-school-district-bureaucracy/.
  27. Aurora Institute, “A Snapshot of K–12 Competency-Based Education State Policy Across the United States,” accessed May 28, 2025, https://aurora-institute.org/blog/inacol-releases-updates-to-the-snapshot-of-k-12-competency-education-state-policy-across-the-united-states/.
  28. Educational Testing Service. Skills for the Future Initiative. Princeton, NJ: ETS, 2023. https://www.ets.org/skillsforthefuture.
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